Research Yearbook
type: channel
description: (ISSN 2227-4235) The Research Yearbook is a multidisciplinary, in-house journal published by UNICAES Editores, an imprint of the Catholic University of El Salvador. This publication serves as a platform for scientific dissemination, published annually, and prioritizes providing an initial introduction to research practices.
language: en
publication name: Research Yearbook
issn: 2227-4235
items: Identification of Activation Methods for Bamboo-Derived Activated Carbon
items: Materials and External Conditions in Physical Thermal Insulation Processes
items: Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Sensors: Characterization, Structural Fundamentals, and Application Potential
items: Comparative Analysis of Construction Materials in El Salvador: Available Materials and Rendering Software
items: Outsourced Home Delivery: A Strategy for Microenterprises in Cojutepeque, Ilobasco, and Sensuntepeque
items: Competencies and Tools Strengthening the Profile of Salvadoran Journalists in the Digital Context
items: Opportunities for Access to Higher Education through the IOM-UNICAES Project
items: Effectiveness of Learning Assessment Activities and Instruments in the English Language
items: Evaluation of Lung Function in Survivors of SARS-CoV-19
items: Biological Pandemic and Emotional Pandemic: Psychological Effects of the Pandemic in Paraguay
items: Areas of Demand and Competencies of Engineers in SMEs Textile Enterprises in El Salvador
items: Factors Influencing the Quality of School Footwear Manufactured by Companies in El Salvador
items: Preservation of the Nahuat Language: Heritage and Transmission among the Indigenous Peoples of Sonsonate, El Salvador
items: Methodologies and Technological Tools in the Transition from Face-to-Face to Virtual Education
items: Social-Educational Factors Influencing Academic Performance in Virtual Learning Due to COVID-19 in the Bachelor of Nursing Program
items: Coaching for Teachers on the Effective Use of the Virtual Platform as an Educational Tool
items: Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in English Language Degree Students, El Salvador
items: Accessibility of Digital Educational Resources in Basic Education Textbooks in Chile
items: Evaluation of the Application of the Nursing Care Process in Childhood by Nursing Students
items: Technopathies among Higher Education Students in El Salvador
items: Utilization and Impact of Simulators in Electronics Education
items: Virtual Teaching from the Perspective of Faculty at the Catholic University of El Salvador
items: Material in Virtual Platforms and Its Impact on Learning and Course Perception
items: Adaptation of Assessment in Virtual Teaching-Learning Environments
items: Possibilities and Challenges Faced by Researchers in the Need to Enhance Knowledge Production Visibility
items: The Embodied Self: Educational and Pastoral Challenges
items: Buyer persona in small and medium enterprises in the tourism sector in the department of Santa Ana, El Salvador. Case study: restaurants
items: Digital transformation: a current need for innovation and development of Salvadoran small and medium-sized enterprises
items: Personal risk factors for chronic non-communicable, cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in Nursing students in the municipality of Santa Ana
items: The technological challenges of undergraduate teachers at Universidad Católica de El Salvador in times of pandemic

Identification of Activation Methods for Bamboo-Derived Activated Carbon
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description: Activated carbon is an adsorbent material with multiple applications. Bamboo is a natural resource that can be utilized for the production of activated carbon. The main objective of this research was to identify the activation methods for activated carbon obtained from bamboo, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, with the purpose of comparing them. The study was conducted through qualitative documentary research. For data collection, an exploration instrument was used, and the bibliographic review technique was applied in academic repositories, employing a registration form to compile the information. Documents consulted included graduation theses, research articles in scientific journals, among others. Two methods were identified for the activation of bamboo-derived carbon: the physical method, also called thermal, and the chemical method. • Physical method: Activation is carried out by applying steam or carbon dioxide, among other gases. • Chemical method: This method requires the use of chemical reagents such as zinc chloride, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and potassium hydroxide, among others. A disadvantage of chemical activation is the disposal of the generated residues; if not carefully performed, chemical residues may remain in the activated carbon. The selection of the activation method for bamboo-derived carbon may depend on the bamboo variety used, as some varieties develop a larger surface area available for particle adsorption. Other factors include the intended use of the activated carbon and the resources available to carry out the activation, among others.
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creator: Claudia Verónica Ortez Morán
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Materials and External Conditions in Physical Thermal Insulation Processes
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description: This article explores the materials and conditions that influence physical thermal insulation processes. Based on a theoretical approach to heat and temperature, it highlights that thermal conductivity and resistivity, along with properties such as heat capacity, are key determinants of the efficiency of insulating materials. The study reviews high-impact bibliographic sources to identify innovative materials, such as aerogels and nanomaterials, which provide thermal tolerance and efficiency with minimal thickness. Regarding the results, there is a growing interest in biologically derived materials and combinations of organic and inorganic materials due to their balance between sustainability and effectiveness. Additionally, external factors such as humidity affect thermal performance by reducing the insulating capacity of internal structures. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of optimizing internal structural properties and exploring advanced materials to enhance energy efficiency in thermal systems.
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creator: Luis Adolfo Alvarenga Aguilar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Sensors: Characterization, Structural Fundamentals, and Application Potential
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description: Previous studies conducted a characterization of different types of sensors based on the transduction principle and the measured quantity. Continuing this topic, the focus was placed specifically on piezoresistive and piezoelectric sensors, which share the same starting point—the piezoelectric effect—but offer different construction possibilities and application potential. Through a rigorous bibliographic review of scientific sources, the most common and notable applications of piezo sensors are presented, along with their operation under various conditions and their response to different applied forces, as well as the reasons for their widespread use due to their high capacity for delivering reliable measurements. Finally, an interesting proposal for further research is presented, focusing on the applicability and use of piezoelectric sensors in energy generation, a field that has attracted significant attention from the scientific community and warrants further exploration in future studies.
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creator: Rafael Leonardo Jiménez Álvarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Comparative Analysis of Construction Materials in El Salvador: Available Materials and Rendering Software
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description: The objective of this study was to provide a comparative analysis useful for professionals and students using design software, proposing a list of construction materials available in the market, aligned with the reality they aim to convey in renders, models, and digital presentations. Through surveys and interviews with professionals in the field, field visits, and the review of physical and digital materials, a list of the five most commonly used software programs for design and rendering was obtained. Additionally, the most frequently used materials were identified and organized by category. This information was tabulated to perform a comparative analysis between these materials and the default databases included in the selected software programs. Finally, the use of programs such as Lumion and V-Ray is recommended, as they offer the highest match between their databases and the construction materials available in the market in El Salvador.
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creator: Alexander Adolfo Juárez Osorio
creator: Briant Eduardo Vallejos García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Outsourced Home Delivery: A Strategy for Microenterprises in Cojutepeque, Ilobasco, and Sensuntepeque
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description: The implementation of the outsourced home delivery strategy was evaluated in microenterprises operating in the agroindustry, food, and beverage sectors during 2021 in the cities of Cojutepeque, in the department of Cuscatlán, and Ilobasco and Sensuntepeque, in the department of Cabañas, El Salvador. The study analyzed the use of outsourced home delivery services by microentrepreneurs, including the identification of the main contracted companies and the impact on business profitability. The results showed significant benefits following the adoption of this service, with restaurants, diners, and food and beverage businesses experiencing the highest profitability. The study highlights the importance of adapting to the dynamic changes of the business environment, the need for efficiency in distribution processes, and the identification of market opportunities. In this context, the outsourced home delivery strategy emerges as a viable business alternative to boost sales and improve the profitability of microenterprises, especially in the post-pandemic scenario.
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creator: Luis Alexander Quevedo Hernández
creator: José Esaú López Molina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Competencies and Tools Strengthening the Profile of Salvadoran Journalists in the Digital Context
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description: Salvadoran journalism faces the challenge of adapting to a constantly evolving digital environment, where technology is redefining traditional professional practices. This study aims to identify the key competencies for monitoring, producing, and disseminating information, as well as the digital tools that strengthen journalists’ profiles in this context. Through a descriptive study, two essential segments of journalistic practice were analyzed: digital editors and reporters. In-depth interviews were conducted with the former to explore their perspectives and strategies, while structured interviews were administered to the latter to understand their field experience. The results highlight that rigorous fact-checking and discerning reliable sources are priority competencies in the digital context, combining the essence of traditional journalism with the need to adapt to rapid changes in information technologies. Additionally, there is a growing reliance on digital tools that facilitate both content production and dissemination, in response to the demands of an increasingly discerning audience.
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creator: Jorge Alberto Arteaga Guevara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Opportunities for Access to Higher Education through the IOM-UNICAES Project
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description: This article presents the challenges, benefits, and opportunities faced by students in the technical programs of Dairy and Meat, Tourism Management and Development, and Nursing, who are scholarship recipients of the Educational Opportunities Scholarships project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development and the International Organization for Migration, in coordination with the Universidad Católica de El Salvador. For data collection, interviews were used, employing both an electronic questionnaire administered via email and an oral questionnaire through phone calls. The data show that the main barrier to accessing higher education is economic factors, followed by lack of family support and various social obstacles such as geographic location and transportation issues. Despite these challenges, scholarship recipients have highlighted the numerous benefits they receive from the scholarship, such as achieving their personal and professional goals. They also note that this support has enabled them to access formal employment with better salary opportunities, positively impacting their quality of life and that of their families.
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creator: María Magdalena Alvarado Acevedo
creator: Evelyn Yesenia Cruz Palacios
creator: Tania Vanessa Pérez de Paz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Effectiveness of Learning Assessment Activities and Instruments in the English Language
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description: Assessment of learning in a second language is a systematic process that requires identifying which tools and strategies should be considered to generate meaningful results in bilingual education. An essential part of this process is that teachers can recognize and design activities and instruments that assess the necessary competencies in the English language, while students perceive these tools as accurate and coherent. The main objective of the study was to understand opinions regarding the effectiveness levels of evaluation activities and instruments in English language learning. To achieve this, 111 students of the English Language Bachelor’s program and 15 specialist teachers were interviewed, sharing their assessments and experiences in the evaluation process, including selection, design, implementation, and feedback. The results showed that the most significant activities in evaluation processes are presentations (27%), exams (14%), and projects (15%). Regarding the most effective instruments, rubrics (45%) and knowledge tests (26%) stand out for assessing competencies across different areas and skills in the English language.
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creator: Vilma Lisseth Majano García
creator: Johana Iveth Delgado de Hernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16

Evaluation of Lung Function in Survivors of SARS-CoV-19
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description: Having contracted SARS-CoV-19 is one of the predisposing factors for altered respiratory function in patients, which can result in severe sequelae. This research focuses on evaluating respiratory function after contracting SARS-CoV-19, through the analysis of spirometric patterns and symptoms in those who exhibited abnormal spirometric responses, as an indicator of the severity of the outcomes. To evaluate the respiratory pattern, a portable digital spirometer, Espirobank II, was used with a sample of 132 people who contracted the virus in 2020 and 2021 and were treated at the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Santa Ana. The approach was quantitative and descriptive. The results, evaluated by a pulmonology specialist, showed functional alterations in the respiratory pattern: mild obstructive pattern in 31% of patients, moderate in 6%, and severe in 19%. Additionally, a mild restrictive pattern was identified in 19% of cases, along with small airway impairment in 19%. In conclusion, the population that had Covid-19 presented an obstructive respiratory pattern, ranging from mild to severe, after the illness.
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creator: Ofelia Saraí Rodríguez Rivera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Biological Pandemic and Emotional Pandemic: Psychological Effects of the Pandemic in Paraguay
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description: The effects of the pandemic and the measures taken have impacted people’s emotional health. This was evident in the short and medium term, and its effects continue to be studied over time. The study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the psychological effects of the pandemic on the population of Paraguay, considering the related factors and emotional consequences it entails. The work was bibliographic in nature, based on the analysis of articles and research conducted from a psychological perspective on the effects of the pandemic. The results indicated that isolation and the unknown scenario led people to experience feelings of fear, anguish, stress, and anxiety associated with the circumstances they experienced. In agreement with the authors studied, it was concluded that the most common psychological effects caused by the pandemic were the aforementioned feelings, along with depression, stress, and anxiety, which had the highest incidence in Paraguay.
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creator: Ana Herrera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Areas of Demand and Competencies of Engineers in SMEs Textile Enterprises in El Salvador
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description: This study examines the areas of demand and the competencies required for textile and industrial engineers in El Salvador’s textile sector. The methodology combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the necessary demands and competencies, particularly in the economically significant western region of the country, known for its textile industry activity. Data were collected through electronic surveys and interviews with executives and professionals from the sector voluntarily. Key areas of demand for these professionals include general operations, management, processes, product development, and sales. Essential soft and hard skills for success in the sector encompass integrity, leadership, effective communication, planning, and organizational abilities, among others.
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creator: Alfredo de Jesús Grande Sánchez
creator: Patricia Betsabé Quintana Pacheco
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Factors Influencing the Quality of School Footwear Manufactured by Companies in El Salvador
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description: Footwear manufactured in El Salvador plays a crucial role in the country’s economy, being one of the main sectors dedicated to exportation (Economic and Commercial Office of Spain in El Salvador, 2019, p. 16). This industry encompasses a wide variety of materials and products, ranging from everyday footwear for men, women, and children to more specialized shoes for various activities. This research evaluated the factors influencing the quality of school footwear, focusing on machinery, labor, measurements, the environment, and production methods, with particular emphasis on materials. The methodology employed was experimental. First, materials (leather, soles, and glue) available in the local market for producing girls’ school shoes were selected. Different combinations of these materials were then established. Subsequently, companies in El Salvador manufactured girls’ school footwear using these material combinations, which were subjected to standardized testing methods. The analysis yielded values that could be compared across different results. Manufacturing workshops were visited, and interviews were conducted with producers to explore other factors affecting the quality of girls’ school footwear. This information gathering and analysis of the physical test results allowed for the identification of the material combination that yielded the best results in laboratory tests, indicating potential compliance with national and international quality standards.
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creator: Jasmín Rocío Retana de Alemán
creator: Edwin Stwart Síntigo Vásquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Preservation of the Nahuat Language: Heritage and Transmission among the Indigenous Peoples of Sonsonate, El Salvador
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description: International organizations’ recognition of the loss of the Nahuat language highlights the irreparable damage caused by events and policies from 1932. Acts of violence against the Nahuat population have resulted in a loss of their identity as indigenous peoples, which encompasses a rich cultural heritage, including their language, traditions, and worldview regarding life, nature, and society. The loss of the right to communicate in their native tongue becomes evident when connected to the testimonies of individuals and their communities, who express resistance to the right to speak a language different from that of colonization. Consequently, this situation leads to the symbolic violence of erasing an indigenous language inherited from their ancestors. This study observed the lived experiences of the people who comprise this community, allowing them to speak in their native language and engage in activities integral to their culture. It also highlighted the disadvantaged living conditions they face compared to the rest of Salvadoran society, significantly impacting the social, economic, and cultural realities that continue to obscure the conditions of the community, especially as the language fades.
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creator: Ruth Verónica Zavaleta de Quezada
creator: Reynaldo Martínez Lozano
creator: Giovanni Bernabé García
creator: Juana Noemy Morales
creator: Hendrix Alberto Fuentes Argueta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Methodologies and Technological Tools in the Transition from Face-to-Face to Virtual Education
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description: The research study focused on the implementation of new technologies and technological tools by teachers, both full-time and hourly, during the transition from face-to-face to virtual education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive study was conducted using focus groups and questionnaires as instruments. These were administered to teachers in the Bachelor’s Degree in Educational Sciences, with a specialization in English Language. The study analyzed how teachers have used various technologies and tools to facilitate this transition. These technologies include online learning platforms, videoconferences, mobile applications, and interactive digital resources. Additionally, issues such as inadequate training, the digital divide among students, and a lack of appropriate technological equipment were identified. The conclusion highlights the importance of teachers being willing to adapt and learn new technological skills to ensure effective education in the virtual environment.
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creator: Ricardo Ernesto Ayala Vásquez
creator: Celia Luz Contreras Valladares
creator: Jaime Geovany Escobar Abarca
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Social-Educational Factors Influencing Academic Performance in Virtual Learning Due to COVID-19 in the Bachelor of Nursing Program
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description: Education is a universal right that fosters both individual and societal development. It is a crucial process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values, from early education through higher education. Understanding the factors that influenced academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential for addressing current challenges and finding effective solutions for future ones, as well as for innovating and enhancing educational services (Rivera et al., 2020). With this in mind, the study aimed to identify the factors affecting the teaching-learning process by initially examining the social factors related to students’ daily lives to understand how these characteristics were linked to their academic performance. In addition, the most used teaching methods, strategies, the use of digital tools for course delivery, and theoretical and practical assessment processes during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. The study adopted a descriptive methodology, detailing the key elements and characteristics of the problem under investigation. It followed a prospective approach, documenting events as they unfolded. The main factors influencing the teaching-learning process in the Bachelor of Nursing program through virtual learning included: lack of technological equipment, unstable internet connectivity, as well as family support and a strong teacher-student relationship, which were key sources of motivation for sustaining satisfactory academic performance.
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creator: María Magdalena Alvarado Acevedo
creator: Evelyn Yesenia Cruz Palacios
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Coaching for Teachers on the Effective Use of the Virtual Platform as an Educational Tool
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description: This action-research aimed to delve into the behavior of teachers when delivering their courses through the virtual platform Moodle. The analysis highlighted the need for a deeper observation of the working methodology on the platform among teachers from different faculties and their use of the resources offered by the tool. This not only involves the use of the virtual classrooms themselves, but also the training that the teachers have in managing virtual platforms. Coaching methodology was used to provide individualized support to teachers and encourage their participation in the research. Additionally, direct observations of teaching practices on the platform were conducted, and their competence in using the resources available in Moodle was assessed. As a result, the barriers that hindered the effective integration of the virtual platform into the teaching process were identified; the training and development needs of teachers were also recognized, and personalized solutions were implemented for each case. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in the quality of online teaching, with increased participation and engagement of teachers in integrating the virtual platform into their teaching process. Greater utilization of resources available in Moodle and increased confidence in using technological tools for teaching were also evident.
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creator: Johanna Aminta Serrano Sánchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in English Language Degree Students, El Salvador
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description: This descriptive quantitative study aimed to determine the self-regulation strategies and their levels among students in the English Degree and the Bachelor of Science in Education with a specialization in English Language, as well as their general application in studying and completing assignments. Students were surveyed about aspects of the three components of self-regulation: cognitive, motivational, and metacognitive. Additionally, they were asked about their self-evaluation capability for completing assigned tasks in their subjects. The results reveal that students possess self-regulation abilities, with most of these at an intermediate level, while others are at a basic level. It is reported that, in general, students do not achieve a higher level in the application of self-regulation strategies. It is therefore recommended to continue applied research by teaching students self-regulation and subsequently evaluating their learning and self-regulation levels.
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creator: Maricela Astrid Hernández Tamacas
creator: Vilma Lisseth Majano García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Accessibility of Digital Educational Resources in Basic Education Textbooks in Chile
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description: This article presents the results obtained from a Research Seedbed carried out by students of the Pedagogy in Basic Education program, with a focus on Language and Mathematics, at the University of Los Lagos. Through a qualitative methodology and content analysis, the accessibility of the digital educational resources proposed in the textbooks for basic education students was studied, in the subjects of Mathematics, Language, History, and Sciences for the year 2022. Key aspects in the use of these resources were analyzed, such as accessibility, availability, and validity; the ways in which students can access these resources; proposed work strategies; successes and shortcomings identified in the different proposals according to subject area and resource type. The results reveal serious deficiencies in the accessibility of technological resources; little or no updating of these resources; and a lack of clear and precise guidelines regarding the efficient integration of these resources into the teaching and learning process.
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creator: Yorka Tatiana Ortiz Ruiz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16

Evaluation of the Application of the Nursing Care Process in Childhood by Nursing Students
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description: Continuous improvement in the application of the nursing care process is essential within the nursing profession. This research article evaluated the nursing care process and the theoretical application of nursing students in child healthcare, assessing users' levels of satisfaction. A mixed-methods, descriptive, and evaluative study with case studies was conducted, using research techniques and instruments such as structured observation guides, document review, checklists, and the CARE-Q (Caring Assessment Instrument) questionnaire. The main findings revealed both strengths and weaknesses, including full student compliance with the nursing care process, the updated application of nursing taxonomies, and high levels of satisfaction among mothers regarding the care provided. However, limited teacher participation and guidance were identified, reducing opportunities to strengthen learning methods based on solving real-life problems. In addition, limitations were observed in the logical relationship and scientific foundation of nursing care plans and interventions, which tended to focus primarily on addressing physical health problems. The study highlights the need to optimize continuous practice and teacher support to enhance the acquisition of experience, knowledge, and new learning skills. In conclusion, the outcomes of the nursing care processes were evaluated, emphasizing that they should be implemented comprehensively through effective teaching practices and accurate nursing interventions that improve the quality of care provided to children and their families.
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creator: Paula Yanira Palencia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Technopathies among Higher Education Students in El Salvador
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description: This study aimed to identify technopathies among higher education students in El Salvador, understood as physical, mental, and social health conditions resulting from the improper use of the Internet and electronic devices. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys administered to students from the four faculties at the Santa Ana campus and interviews conducted with psychology and medical professionals from the teaching staff of the Catholic University of El Salvador (UNICAES). The research findings revealed several physical health problems associated with excessive use and dependence on the Internet and electronic devices, including insomnia, neck and back pain, and visual impairments. The main mental health issues identified were phantom vibration syndrome, the Google effect, anxiety, stress, irritability, emotional instability, and depression. The principal social alterations included social isolation and misrepresenting the actual amount of time spent online or playing video games.
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creator: Marni Lorena Hernández Monterroza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Utilization and Impact of Simulators in Electronics Education
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description: Simulators in electronics education serve as valuable and efficient modern tools, facilitating the understanding of electronic component functions without the need for costly equipment purchases and without the risk of damaging physical components. They allow students to create, modify, correct, and manipulate complex circuits in a safe and accessible environment. The use of simulators should be understood as an additional step within the teaching and learning process of electronics. However, this process must be complemented by traditional hands-on practice in workshops equipped with the technical tools necessary to validate the development of competencies in this specific field. This study proposes essential equipment for establishing an Electronics Workshop, including the instruments and accessories required for measurements during circuit construction, enabling students to put into practice the concepts that have previously been studied and simulated.
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creator: Rafael Leonardo Jiménez Álvarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Virtual Teaching from the Perspective of Faculty at the Catholic University of El Salvador
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description: This descriptive research explores the experiences of faculty members teaching in virtual modalities at the Catholic University of El Salvador. The study analyses the communication established with students, teaching methods, and the support needs encountered in virtual educational settings. Data were collected through interviews and observation of course activities on the platform. Participating faculty members came from the faculties of Engineering and Architecture, Sciences and Humanities, Health Sciences, and Business Sciences. The main categories of analysis included teacher-student communication and interaction, experiences as virtual educators, roles as facilitators, use of technological tools, and support needs. The results indicate that faculty members initially faced significant challenges and frustration. However, through ongoing training and experience, they gradually adapted to the virtual modality and developed a favourable attitude toward teaching in this format. At the same time, they expressed the need for continuous support, the development of teaching skills suited to virtual education, and regular professional training opportunities.
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creator: Marcia Beatriz Machado de Vides
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Material in Virtual Platforms and Its Impact on Learning and Course Perception
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description: Didactic materials play a crucial role in developing students' skills in online or blended courses. The quality of these materials and their accompanying activities significantly influence students' learning and perception of the course content. This research aimed to determine whether the class materials uploaded by professors to the Moodle platform used by the University promote active learning by helping students establish clear objectives, engage in participatory activities, and develop higher-order thinking skills, and whether this correlates with a positive perception of the course and student learning. The study found that, in general, instructors upload materials that foster active learning and that these materials are associated with a more positive perception of the course and a higher level of learning achieved by students.
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creator: Maricela Astrid Hernández Tamacas
creator: Johana Iveth Delgado de Hernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Adaptation of Assessment in Virtual Teaching-Learning Environments
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description: This research explores the process of adapting assessment methods in virtual teaching-learning environments at the Catholic University of El Salvador. Employing a descriptive and quantitative approach, a survey with closed and open-ended questions was administered to students enrolled in fifth-cycle courses across various university programs. Additionally, teachers instructing subjects at the same educational level were also surveyed. The investigation sought to identify the most frequent assessment activities in virtual classes and their contribution to meaningful student learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the challenges faced by teachers during the assessment adaptation process were examined. The main findings reveal a replication of traditional assessment methods and formats in the virtual setting. These results underscore the need to reconsider the assessment process when leveraging technology as a means of evaluation, promoting the development of life and professional skills, as well as a commitment to society.
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creator: Karla Margarita Fuentes Barillas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Possibilities and Challenges Faced by Researchers in the Need to Enhance Knowledge Production Visibility
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description: Writing for publication is considered an inherent requirement within scientific communities for researchers engaging in the complex process of disseminating knowledge. This article results from a literature review integrating theoretical and conceptual perspectives, coupled with the author's experience in scientific publishing. It presents an approach to academic writing as a process that serves the dissemination of evidence and research findings, highlighting the opportunities and challenges faced by scholars and specialists in organizing, structuring, and presenting discoveries to a disciplinary community that increasingly demands communicability and theoretical, methodological, and strategic possibilities that contribute both to scientific advancement and to the transformative approach to social problems. The article concludes that public research writing, as a technological and epistemic tool, should become an integral part of researchers' daily work, enabling them to strengthen their commitment to scientific progress and the visibility of relevant content that helps reduce inequalities derived from limited access to information and, consequently, enhances quality of life, overall well-being, and the construction of development that upholds human dignity.
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creator: Jesús Alfredo Morales Carrero
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

The Embodied Self: Educational and Pastoral Challenges
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description: The practical, mercantile, and dialectical materialism that permeates contemporary society represents a monistic reductionism regarding the human body; a monism that denies the spiritual dimension of the human person and leaves unresolved the complexity and unity of both the body and the person. We are faced with an anthropological reductionism that, by separating agapeic love from sexuality as a way of being of the human person, has led to a devaluation of the person whose dignity was emphasized by the Second Vatican Council through personalist anthropology as an ecclesial response to the secularization of the human body. Half a century later, this continues to constitute both a pastoral and educational gap within university education, failing to provide a profound response to the challenges of the contemporary world.
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creator: César Orlando Sánchez Rivera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Buyer persona in small and medium enterprises in the tourism sector in the department of Santa Ana, El Salvador. Case study: restaurants
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description: Restaurants in Santa Ana can target various market segments based on demographic elements such as age or social class; therefore, their products and strategies are generalized in an attempt to cover all segments. This task is complex and requires the investment of more resources. As stated by Pau Valdés (2019), a buyer persona helps companies develop more personalized messages for different groups, making them more resonant and allowing them to obtain loyal customers. Without defining a buyer persona or a detailed customer profile, a company works blindly, basing its strategies and practices on assumptions or uninformed statistical data. Based on this problem, a descriptive study was conducted to survey business owners in the restaurant sector in order to identify the use of a buyer persona profile and propose necessary tools for those who do not use it. Ten surveys were carried out, and the results indicate that most small and medium-sized enterprises do not use a buyer persona profile; however, they are willing to be trained on the topic. Those companies that do use it highlight an impact on marketing planning, since knowing the profile of the ideal customer (buyer persona) allows them to strategically target different campaigns according to the customer.
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creator: Yeyli Yalitza Retana de Guirola
creator: Karla Valeria López
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anuario de Investigación
date: 2022-03-15
publication date: 2022-03-15

Digital transformation: a current need for innovation and development of Salvadoran small and medium-sized enterprises
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description: The digital transformation process has mainly influenced small and medium-sized enterprises. Digital transformation is a highly relevant topic in both business and academic environments. The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the digital transformation of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in different ways, in order to respond to the challenges they face (CEPAL, 2020). This research describes how this process is being adopted in companies, seeking continuous improvement in overall operations through the use of information and communication technology tools such as social networks, online advertising, websites, and the implementation of integrated management systems. All of this aims at the proper management of data and processes in order to remain competitive in the market. In addition, some limitations involved in the adoption of these tools in small and medium-sized enterprises are reported, which were the subject of the study.
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creator: Carlos Edmundo Sayes
creator: Vidal Enrique Cerritos Magaña
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

Personal risk factors for chronic non-communicable, cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in Nursing students in the municipality of Santa Ana
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description: The study focused on chronic non-communicable diseases, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus in order to identify their pathophysiological causes, including unhealthy lifestyles—specifically diet and exercise—as well as exposure to stress, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and genetic factors that create a predisposition to these diseases among young people. It also sought to understand the practice of healthy and preventive measures related to conditions that can be corrected in time, provided that students are more aware of healthy practices, based on the knowledge they acquire through their field of study related to health and their preparation for the future work environment. The qualitative-descriptive research included a study population of 368 students between 18 and 35 years old, belonging to three Nursing training institutions in the municipality of Santa Ana.
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creator: Elvia Maritza Liborio Avilés
creator: Cristina Elizabeth Martínez de Rivas
creator: Rosa Velinda Díaz de Góchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15

The technological challenges of undergraduate teachers at Universidad Católica de El Salvador in times of pandemic
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description: The use of technology for the development of academic subjects can represent a challenge for teachers; and in times of pandemic, this situation becomes even more intense. The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the technological educational foundations that the teachers of the Faculty of Sciences and Humanities at Universidad Católica de El Salvador have for the development of their courses in virtual mode; in addition to describing the most commonly used technological tools and identifying the most frequent difficulties in the use of technology. Interview and observation techniques were used to collect the information. It was found that the level of technology application by professors ranges from intermediate to advanced. Regarding the use of tools and resources, most of them are used effectively in Moodle virtual classrooms. On the other hand, the difficulties experienced were connectivity problems due to the areas where both students and teachers live, as well as technical issues that commonly arise during classes. It was verified that, after the implementation of educational technology in the transition from face-to-face to virtual teaching, it is advisable for undergraduate professors to know and apply information and communication technologies, as these favor self-learning and the creation of products with visual components that promote teachers’ didactic creativity for the benefit of student learning.
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creator: Sofía Elizabeth Morán de Menjívar
creator: Elsa Margarita Aquino Guzmán
creator: Eva Luisa Estrada de Zaldívar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15